Contaminant,Commodity and Fuel: A Multi-sited Study of Waste's roles in Urban Transformations from Italy to Austria

This article traces the flow of municipal solid waste from southern Italy through a waste-to-energy facility and district heating system in Austria, examining the roles that waste's transformation from contaminant to commodity to fuel plays in interconnected, distributed, and contested urbanization processes. It contends that, while metabolic circulation hides socioecological costs in one place to facilitate valorization in another, specific spatial configurations emerge through territorialization—of waste economies, in this case—providing the spatial base to realize metabolic flows and to anchor political narratives. A decisive effect is that certain patterns of urbanization become locked-in, impeding alternative metabolic transitions and spatial configurations. Attending to the coproduction of three sites—Naples, Italy; Zwentendorf, Austria; and St Pölten, Austria—through the circulation and transformation of waste and energy the article provides an empirical multi-sited case study of a political ecology of urbanization.     

Infrastructure's Expenditures: Changi Airport,Food Cargo and Capital's Technosphere

Urban research has long maintained that an unwavering link exists between urbanization and infrastructures, with the latter serving as structuring devices that give material and discursive shape to a city's socio‐ecological composition. But, while infrastructures’ mediative power and consequent ecological effects are well established, present scholarship tends to associate them with only a specific set of metabolisms—namely, those tied to urban (re)production—at the expense of wider capitalist projects that may exceed discrete urbanisms. Complexifying this view, this article posits that infrastructures can constitute larger systems and frameworks that help capital achieve networked forms of accumulation. Specifically, it follows recent theorizations on the technosphere—artificialized environments of interacting systems—to demonstrate how infrastructures help drive particular dispositions and modes of production and consumption beyond cities. Through documentary analyses and interviews with industry players, the article uses the emergent food cargo business at Singapore's Changi Airport as an empirical case to exemplify the enfolding of one such technosphere through infrastructures. It shows how paying heed to these technospheric formations exposes hidden expenditures—in this instance, of land, energy and labour—that not only underpin a global regime of (food) circulation, but also result in additional socio‐ecological costs often omitted in urban research.     

丁酸梭菌甘油发酵代谢机理研究进展

本文对丁酸梭菌在甘油转化成1,3-丙二醇的过程中代谢规律及代谢控制的相关酶作以综述,同时分析了产物的抑制作用及影响因素,对未来的研究发展方向进行展望.     

Explaining Japan's Unproductive Two Decades

Using industry‐ and micro‐level data, this paper examines why Japan's productivity growth has been slow for such a long time and how it can be accelerated in the future. Japan's capital–gross domestic product ratio continued to increase after 1991, and this increase in the capital–gross domestic product ratio must have contributed to the decline in the rate of return on capital in Japan by decreasing the marginal productivity of capital. On the other hand, Japan's accumulation of information and communication technology capital and intangible investment was very slow. Compared with large firms, which enjoyed an acceleration in the total factor productivity growth in recent years, Japanese small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises were left behind in information and communication technology capital and intangible investment, and their productivity growth has been very low. Furthermore, as large firms expanded their supply chains globally and relocated their factories abroad, research and development spillovers from large firms to small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises seem to have declined.     

Biomass consumed in anthropogenic vegetation fires: Global patterns and processes

Human-induced vegetation fires destroy a large amount of biomass each year and thus constitute an important fraction of the human interference with the energy flows of terrestrial ecosystems. This paper presents a quantification of the biomass burned in large-scale as well as small-scale human-induced vegetation fires at the country level for the year 2000. The amount of biomass burned in large scale fires is estimated combining information on the amount of biomass destroyed by large vegetation fires each year, derived by remote sensing, with estimates about the fraction induced by human activities. For biomass flows resulting from shifting cultivation, no comprehensive information is available at the global scale. Therefore, this flow was modelled on the basis of data on the area subjected to shifting cultivation and assumptions about the typical length of the cropping and fallow periods and the amount of biomass destroyed in each rotation cycle. The results show that the amount of biomass consumed in anthropogenic vegetation fires ranges between 3.5 and 3.9 billion tons dry matter per year (Pg dm/yr), a considerable amount when compared to the global socioeconomic biomass harvest of 12 Pg dm/yr. One third of the biomass consumed in anthropogenic fires each year, 1.0-1.4 Pg dm, results from shifting cultivation. Anthropogenic fires are most important in the regions of Sub-Saharan Africa (2202 Tg dm/yr), Latin America (795 Tg dm/yr), South-Eastern Asia (336 Tg dm/yr) and Central Asia (157 Tg dm/yr), whereas in regions dominated by industrialized countries, anthropogenic vegetation fires play a minor role. Due to the lack of consistent and spatially explicit data for the year 2000, these numbers do not include agricultural residues burned in the field. The inclusion of residue burning in the year 1985 would increase the total biomass consumed by 0.45 Pg dm to a total of between 4.0 and 4.4 Pg dm/yr. The paper shows that the current geographic pattern of biomass burning can be explained by a combination of natural factors, such as the type of the potential vegetation, and socioeconomic factors, such as population density and the degree of industrialization of a region, which ultimately determine the application of vegetation fires in land use management. It is expected that the magnitude of anthropogenic vegetation fires will decrease in absolute and relative terms, mainly due to population growth and the diffusion of modern land use technologies, which more and more replace the function of vegetation fires as a land management tool.     

氨基酸在大脑中的代谢作用研究

氨基酸作为神经递质和神经调质,是中枢神经系统刺激神经组织中肽类、蛋白质和其他生物活性成分的基础物质。对可作为神经递质和神经调质的氨基酸种类进行了介绍,并综述了其在大脑中的特异性代谢,指出氨基酸在大脑中的代谢是中枢神经系统代谢机制的重要部分。     

On China's exosomatic energy metabolism: An application of multi-scale integrated analysis of societal metabolism (MSIASM)

The methodology of multi-scale integrated analysis of societal metabolism (MSIASM) is applied to the analysis of the recent evolution of Chinese economy. This paper has two goals: (1) to show the MSIASM scheme is effective in handling in an integrated way different types of data, mixing extensive and intensive variables, on different levels; and (2) to provide a multi-scale integrated analysis of the trajectory of development of China. The quality of possible scenarios is checked by identifying constraints affecting their feasibility and by characterizing them in relation to different dimensions and scales of analysis.This entails 4 tasks: (i) identifying a set of benchmarks that makes it possible to compare different characteristics and features of China to other countries and to the average values calculated for the world level; (ii) explaining the differences found over the selected set of benchmarks, by looking at the characteristics of the various sub-sectors of Chinese economy; (iii) understanding existing trends and future feasible paths of China's development by studying the existence of reciprocal constraints between the whole economy and its compartments; and (iv) examining possible future scenarios of development for China.     

税务公务员健康问题的探讨

随着税务公务员的工作环境及生活水平的不断改善,肥胖的发生率越来越高,伴随着肥胖所引起的疾病越来越多。分析研究肥胖的起因、发展过程及防治措施,对促进公务员的身体健康,有着十分重要的意义。     

深圳城市系统代谢的变化与废物生成效应

深圳是从小镇向现代化大都市快速转变的典型个例。本文从生态系统物质代谢和能量流动的角度出发 ,定性描述城市化过程中代谢的突出问题 ,分析了深圳城市系统代谢 2 0年间有关特征的显著变化、相关废物产生的机理 ,从深层上探讨了解决这些问题的途径和对策 ,为小城镇的快速城市化提供借鉴     

体内蛋白质代谢的测量的主要方法

本文主要描述了进二三十年里测量体内蛋白平衡的主要方法,包括全身和特定器官的氮平衡,全身或特定器官的蛋白质转化,测量全身蛋白质流量的同位素示踪物,特定组织、器官蛋白质转换量的测量。